《文献》Due

1、感官剥夺/睡眠剥夺

　　加拿大“感觉剥夺”实验同期（1954年），“为了弄清当与外界所有刺激隔绝时大脑会怎样”[1]，美国科学家约翰·李利紧随其后，设计发明了迷幻箱。关于迷幻箱，没找到当年约翰·李利的设计完成后的报导照片，据说和现代水疗箱差不多－－一个带盖的密闭圆形浴缸，里面充满高浓度且温度适宜的盐水，人躺进水里，随即关上盖子，使迷幻箱形成一个密闭的空间。迷幻箱强有力限制了箱里人的五感，“在完全黑暗而安静的状态下在温暖的水上漂浮数小时，李利开始出现幻觉”[1]。
　　17世纪的欧洲有过惩罚犯人的“饥饿面具”，面具是金属特制的，在扣上面具后，犯人还要被迫含住一根贴舌头，也是经典感觉剥夺酷刑。
　　大约2009－2010年间，冷战怪谈Russian Sleep Experiment俄罗斯睡眠实验剥夺睡眠，且不论传闻真假，犯人被设置在密闭空间中，如果实验真实存在，也是大同小异的感觉剥夺。
　　睡眠剥夺，1964年美国加尼福利亚Randy Gardner1963年12月28日的不眠实验。在实验中，他坚持了264小时，身体力行证明了睡眠对于人类的重要性。
　　1968年，美国加州大学洛杉矶分校精神病研究所的205小时强制性睡眠剥夺实验205 Hours of Sleep Deprivation。
　　205分支文献：https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30042701/Abstract：Severe Sleep Deprivation Causes Hallucinations and a Gradual Progression Toward Psychosis With Increasing Time Awake：
　　Background: Going without sleep for long periods of time can produce a range of experiences, including perceptual distortions and hallucinations. Many questions, however, remain unanswered regarding the types of symptoms which are most reliably elicited, the time of symptom onset, and whether symptoms worsen over time toward psychotic decompensation. Since sleep deprivation exceeding 48 h is considered unethical today, an examination of historical studies with extreme sleep-loss duration is needed to obtain information about what happens during prolonged sleep loss. Methods: A systematic-review approach was used to identify experimental and observational studies of sleep deprivation in healthy people which describe the effects of prolonged sleep loss on psychopathological symptoms, without any date restriction. Results: A total of 476 articles were identified. Of these, 21 were eligible for inclusion. Duration of sleep loss ranged between 24 h and 11 nights (total 760 participants; average 72-92 h without sleep). All studies except one reported perceptual changes, including visual distortions (i.e., metamorphopsias), illusions, somatosensory changes and, in some cases, frank hallucinations. The visual modality was the most consistently affected (in 90% of the studies), followed by the somatosensory (52%) and auditory (33%) modalities. Symptoms rapidly developed after one night without sleep, progressing in an almost fixed time-dependent way. Perceptual distortions, anxiety, irritability, depersonalization, and temporal disorientation started within 24-48 h of sleep loss, followed by complex hallucinations and disordered thinking after 48-90 h, and delusions after 72 h, after which time the clinical picture resembled that of acute psychosis or toxic delirium. By the third day without sleep, hallucinations in all three sensory modalities were reported. A period of normal sleep served to resolve psychotic symptoms in many-although not all-cases. Conclusions: Psychotic symptoms develop with increasing time awake, from simple visual/somatosensory misperceptions to hallucinations and delusions, ending in a condition resembling acute psychosis. These experiences are likely to resolve after a period of sleep, although more information is required to identify factors which can contribute to the prevention of persistent symptoms.
　　{待添加翻译。总结：人得睡觉。}
　　对狗的睡眠剥夺：1963年，“俄罗斯女科学家玛丽?德?曼纳欣对4条幼犬实施睡眠剥夺，直至他们死去。第一条狗在96小时后死去，最后一条坚持了143小时”。[2]
　　[1]百度百科－感觉剥夺箱
　　[2]《疯狂实验史（Das Buch der verrückten Experimente）》
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